Class Inheritance

Overview#

This lesson assumes knowledge of classes and dives straight into the concept of inheritance. After a We Do to build a child class, there's an I Do that walks through overwriting the parent variables and methods.

Learning Objectives#

After this lesson, you will be able to…

Implement inheritance.
Describe what has been inherited from one class to another.
Overwrite variables and methods.

Duration#

20 minutes

Agenda#

Duration	Activity
3 mins	Welcome
7 mins	Creating a Child Class
8 mins	Overwriting Variables and Methods
2 mins	Summary

Discussion: Similar Classes#

Phone is a class — there are hundreds of types of phones.

What attributes and functions would a Phone have?

What about an iPhone? Or android_phone?

iPhone and android_phone would be objects of the Phone class.
But, there are different types of iPhones and Android phones.
Should IPhone and AndroidPhone be classes themselves?

What would you do?

Brainstorm what a Phone class would contain.

Talking Points: You could go further:

You could say IPhone is a class — there are many types of iPhones.
- What specific attributes would an IPhone have apart from other phones?
You could say AndroidPhone is a class — there are many types of Android phones.
- What specific attributes would an AndroidPhone have apart from other phones?"
AndroidPhone and IPhone are separate classes. However, they are both types of Phone.

Introduction: Inheritance#

AndroidPhone and IPhone are separate classes and in the Phone class.

This is called inheritance: making classes that are subsets of other classes.

Phone is the parent class. It's a regular class! All phones:

Have a phone number.
Can place phone calls.
Can send text messages.

IPhone is a child class. The child class inherits methods and properties from the parent class but can also define its own functionality. iPhones uniquely:

Have an unlock method that accepts a fingerprint.
Have a set_fingerprint method that accepts a fingerprint.
Mystery novels are a type of book, but there are tons of those. Sofas are a type of couch, which are a type of chair.

Talking Points:

Inheritance allows us to extend functionality defined in a parent class (Phone) and create child classes (e.g., IPhone, AndroidPhone) that extend and compartmentalize different pieces of functionality.
When we define a class to represent a Phone, we can add the basic properties and functionality that all phones have.

We Do: Inheritance#

All phones have a phone number, can place phone calls, and can send text messages.

Start a new file, Phone.py. In it, let's start and test the class:

class Phone:  def __init__(self, phone_number):    self.number = phone_number
  def call(self, other_number):    print("Calling from", self.number, "to", other_number)
  def text(self, other_number, msg):    print("Sending text from", self.number, "to", other_number)    print(msg)
test_phone = Phone(5214)test_phone.call(515)test_phone.text(51121, "Hi!")

We Do: `IPhone` Class#

Underneath the Phone class definition, let's create the IPhone class.

class IPhone(Phone):  # Class definitions accept a parameter specifying what class they inherit from.  def __init__(self, phone_number):    # super()` calls the `init` defined in the parent class.    super().__init__(phone_number)    # Now self.number is set, because that's what happens in the parent Phone _init_.

When you get to super, scroll up to observe Phone's super.

Talking Points:

After we define Phone, we can create classes that inherit from the Phone class and add their own properties and functionality.
Let's define two new classes that inherit from the Phone class.
Notice how the IPhone class doesn't repeat the code that attaches the phone_number passed to the __init__ method to the self reference.
The IPhone class calls the parent constructor through the super method and allows the parent class to execute that default behavior.

We Do: `IPhone` Class II#

iPhones uniquely:

Have an unlock method that accepts a fingerprint.
Have a set_fingerprint method that accepts a fingerprint.

class IPhone(Phone):    def __init__(self, phone_number):        super().__init__(phone_number)
        # Under the call to super, we can define unique IPhone variables.        # Regular Phone objects won't have this!        self.fingerprint = None
    # Here are methods unique to IPhone objects:    def set_fingerprint(self, fingerprint):        self.fingerprint = fingerprint
    def unlock(self, fingerprint=None):        if fingerprint == self.fingerprint:            print("Phone unlocked. Fingerprint matches.")        else:            print("Phone locked. Fingerprint doesn't match.")

Side Discussion: Edge Cases#

Look at:

def unlock(self, fingerprint=None):  if (fingerprint == self.fingerprint):    print("Phone unlocked. Fingerprint matches.")  else:    print("Phone locked. Fingerprint doesn't match.")

What if self.fingerprint is currently None? We need to account for this!

def unlock(self, fingerprint=None):  if (self.fingerprint == None):    print("Phone unlocked. No fingerprint needed.")  elif (fingerprint == self.fingerprint):    print("Phone unlocked. Fingerprint matches.")  else:    print("Phone locked. Fingerprint doesn't match.")

When programming, always watch for edge cases. This isn't specific to classes!

Teaching Tips:

Be very clear that this isn't specific to classes — it's something to always watch out for, in functions, for loops, and anything at all. Note that this is a reason why pseudocode is so important.

We Do: Testing `IPhone`#

Add some test lines at the bottom:

my_iphone = IPhone(151)my_iphone.unlock()my_iphone.set_fingerprint("Jory's Fingerprint")my_iphone.unlock()my_iphone.unlock("Jory's Fingerprint")
# And we can call the Phone methods:my_iphone.call(515)my_iphone.text(51121, "Hi!")

Try it! Then, try this. Why does it fail?

# Let's try a Phone object on an iPhone method.test_phone.unlock()

Talking Points:

We can create IPhones, AndroidPhones, and still regular Phones. Phone is being used as a parent class, but it's still a class!
Inheritance is an extremely powerful feature of classes.
It allows us to create "generic" parent classes, such as the Phone() class, and then create child classes like IPhone() that represent subsets of the parent class.
We change the characteristics of the object when we define the IPhone() class.
Because it inherits from Phone(), we're still able to use the parent methods call() and text().
- We don't need to rewrite these methods in the child class.
Using inheritance, you can easily create hierarchies of functionality. This keeps your code clean and intuitive.

Quick Recap: Inheritance#

A class can inherit from another class — a parent class and a child class.
The child class can declare its own variables and methods, but it also has access to all the parents'.

## Parent class: A regular class ##class Phone:  def __init__(self, phone_number):    self.number = phone_number
  def call(self, other_number):    print("Calling from", self.number, "to", other_number)
test_phone = Phone(5214) # It's a regular class!test_phone.call(515)
## Child class: Pass in the parent class and call super() ##class IPhone(Phone):  def __init__(self, phone_number):    super().__init__(phone_number)
    # Under the call to super, define unique child class variables and methods.    # Parent class objects won't have this!    self.fingerprint = None
  def set_fingerprint(self, fingerprint):    self.fingerprint = fingerprint
my_iphone = IPhone(151) # Create an object as usual.my_iphone.set_fingerprint("Jory's Fingerprint") # Call a method.my_iphone.call(515) # Call a method from the parent class.

I Do: Overwriting Attributes#

Next up: Overwriting attributes!

Let's switch to a new example. You don't need to follow along.

Here's a regular Building class:

class Building(object):    # Class variables    avg_sqft = 12_500    avg_bedrooms = 3
    # No __init__ - there are no instance variables to declare!    # This is possible in any class, not just inheritance. (Building is a normal class.)
    def describe_building(self):        print("Avg. Beds:", self.avg_bedrooms)        print("Avg. Sq. Ft.:", self.avg_sqft)
    def get_avg_price(self):        price = self.avg_sqft * 5 + self.avg_bedrooms * 15_000        return price

my_building = Building()my_building.describe_building()

There's no init! This is new. Note that this isn't unique to inheritance — right now, this is a regular class.
Observe the order of operations for the price math.
This is a regular class, but walk through each line.

Talking Points:

Here's a new class.
In it, we have some attributes for the average square feet, bedrooms, and bathrooms of a building. We also have two functions: one to print the attributes out in describe_building() and one to calculate the average price and return it based on those attributes in get_avg_price().
Note: When we define our Building() class and specify Building(object) in the definition, we're indicating that the Building() class we're creating inherits characteristics from the object class.
The built-in object class in Python is the most basic "parent class" we could have.

I Do: Inheriting Building#

Inheriting from Building, we can create a Mansion class.

# Call in the parent, Building, to the class definition.class Mansion(Building):  pass  # Our child class definition goes here.  # Will have the same class variables, instance variables, and methods as Mansion objects.

Overwriting Variables#

What if we want the class variables to have different values? We can set new ones. Remember, child classes do not affect the parent class.

class Mansion(Building):    # Overwrite the class variables.    avg_sqft = 6    avg_bedrooms = 1
    # We don't have a call to super __init__. Why?    # There's no __init__ in the parent to call!

### Now, let's try it out. #### This still has the old values.my_building = Building()my_building.describe_building()
# The mansion object has the new class variables!avg_mansion = Mansion()avg_mansion.describe_building()s

Note that Mansion is an entire class! Classes don't need to be fancy.

Talking Points:

In this class definition, the average square feet, bedrooms, and bathrooms have been changed, but nothing else has been done.
Because the Mansion() class inherits from the Building() parent class, it has access to the class methods we defined for Building().
It is important to note that child classes do not affect the functionality of the parent class. Below, we've added a function, how_big(), to the Mansion() class.
We don't have super because there's no init in the parent!

Discussion: Child Class Methods#

In the Building class, we have:

def get_avg_price(self):    price = self.avg_sqft * 5 + self.avg_bedrooms * 15_000    return price

What if a Mansion's price calculation is different? What do you think we can do?

overwriting class variables, we can overwrite methods.

Overwriting Methods#

We know that we can overwrite variables. Turns out, we can also overwrite methods!

class Mansion(Building):    def get_avg_price(self):        return 1_000_000

mans = Mansion()bldg = Building()
bldg.get_avg_price()# # returns `self.avg_sqft * 5 + self.avg_bedrooms * 15000`
mans.get_avg_price()# Returns 1000000

Quick Review#

When we make child classes, we can overwrite class variables and methods.

class Building(object):    # Class variables    avg_sqft = 12_500    avg_bedrooms = 3
    def get_avg_price(self):        price = self.avg_sqft * 5 + self.avg_bedrooms * 15_000        return price

class Mansion(Building):    # Overwrite the class variables.    avg_sqft = 6    avg_bedrooms = 1
    def get_avg_price(self):        return 1_000_000

Knowledge Check#

Consider the following classes:

class Building(object):    class Animal(object):        def is_mammal(self):            return True
        def is_alive(self):            return True

class Grasshopper(Animal):    def is_small(self):        return True

You instantiate two objects: bug = Grasshopper() and cat = Animal(). Which of the following instance methods are available for each?

bug.is_mammal()
bug.is_alive()
bug.is_small()
bug.is_animal()

Summary and Q&A#

Inheritance:

Allows us to make classes using other classes as templates.
Has a parent class (Phone) and a child class (IPhone).
- The parent class is still a usable class!

Child classes:

inherit methods and properties from a parent class.
Have access to all of the functionality of its parent.
Can have new attributes and methods.
- They won't be available to the parent.
Can overwrite values from the parent class.

Overview#

Learning Objectives#

Duration#

Agenda#

Discussion: Similar Classes#

Introduction: Inheritance#

We Do: Inheritance#

We Do: IPhone Class#

We Do: IPhone Class II#

Side Discussion: Edge Cases#

We Do: Testing IPhone#

Quick Recap: Inheritance#

I Do: Overwriting Attributes#

I Do: Inheriting Building#

Overwriting Variables#

Discussion: Child Class Methods#

Overwriting Methods#

Quick Review#

Knowledge Check#

Summary and Q&A#

We Do: `IPhone` Class#

We Do: `IPhone` Class II#

We Do: Testing `IPhone`#